MedClips

The febrile illness, for which clinically clear etiology is not known, is often referred to as the Fever of unknown origin (FUO), but the use of the term is not clearly defined. Most febrile illness comes about before diagnosis, or before showing any characteristic findings that may lead to diagnosis. In the end, FUO is a persistent febrile illness that does not establish etiology even though it uses intensive evaluation and diagnostic tools. Causes The most common causes of FUO are infection, neoplasm, connective tissue disease, miscellaneous disease, and undiagnosed condition. First, there may be a number of infectious agents such as abscess, endocarditis, tuberculosis, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of FUO. Malignant lymphoma is the most common cause of neoplasm, and hematologic malignancies, solid tumors, and benign tumors may be the cause of FUO. Noninfectious inflammatory disease is also a common cause of FUO, other than miscellaneous conditio...

Osteomyelitis is an infectious disease localized to the bones. In this disease, especially hematogenous bone microorganisms occur frequently due to traumatic, surgical, sinusitis or periodontal disease. Epidemiplogy In a systematic review in 2012, it is known that one of 5000-700 in developed countries and one in 500-2300 in developing countries is more likely to appear in developing countries. In the United States, osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing. Pathogenesis Although the mechanism of deposition has not been well known, microbial migration of endothelial cells seems to play a major role in the initiation of microbial growth. It also develops as bone marrow or cellulitis, and exudate raises intramedullary pressure to cause rupture. Subacute and chronic osteomyelitis may form intraosseous abscesses and cause suppuration and necrosis. Causes S. aureus is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in children. From 1996 to 201...

Mycoplasma pneumonia spreads through the respiratory system and the latency period is about 12-14 days on average. It is prevalent every three to four years, especially in autumn and winter. This is the highest incidence of childhood school children. M. pneumoniae affects respiratory ciliated epithelial cells and causes inflammation. After infection, the cold hemagglutinin response to the red blood cell I antigen begins to appear nonspecifically after one week, and increases by four times over four weeks and becomes negative after four months. The test for M. pneumonia specific antibodies includes complement binding test and immunofluorescence test, but indirect hemagglutination test is most widely used. It increases at the end of the first week after the onset and reaches its peak at 3 ~ 4 weeks and gradually decreases. Symptoms Clinical symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia are severe, long-standing cough and fever over 38 degrees. Headache, malaise, fever, runny nose, and sore throat ...

A respiratory infection is the first suspicious symptom when it comes to symptoms of runny nose, cough, sputum and shortness of breath in infants and young children. The most common causative agent is a virus, which causes a cold, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, throat injection, and cough. Viral respiratory infections are largely divided into upper respiratory infections and lower respiratory infections. Upper respiratory tract infection The infection usually involves the nose and the larynx and is accompanied by a mild or no fever. Croup is a typical disease. It is the most prevalent at 3 to 5 months of age and 2 years of age and is known to be more prevalent in men. In addition, family history is often seen. Parainfluenza was the most common causative organism, and RSV, adenovirus, and influenza were the most common causative organisms of the viral croup. In the bacterial croup, hemophilus influenza was the main causative organism. However, vaccine was developed and Moraxella catar...

Symptoms & Complications Influenza virus infections cause high fever, runny nose, throat, muscle aches, headache, cough, and fatigue. These symptoms typically begin 2 days later and disappear a week later. However, coughing can last for more than two weeks. Zone and vomiting can occur, especially in children. This is a rare condition in adults and has a greater severity in influenza B infection. At first, it is difficult to distinguish between cold and influenza infection, but flu can be classified into high fever and sudden fatigue. The GI symptom may be seen in some adults with H5N1 called bird flu. Complications of Influenza infection include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infection, asthma and heart failure. In fact, mycoplasma infection was confirmed in this patient, and we felt the necessity to check whether the complication did not occur in influenza infection patients. If the symptoms appear to improve and then return to high temperature, this may be...

Causes & Symptoms When we look at viral meningitis, symptoms are similar to bacterial meningitis, but they are usually much weaker. Neurological symptoms may be relatively low or absent. However, in neonates, herpes simplex virus meningitis is associated with a higher risk of severe systemic diseases such as pneumonia, hepatitis, and myocarditis. When infected with enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, numbered enteroviruses), which are the most common cause of viral meningitis, sudden fever of 38 ~ 40 ℃ occurs in more than half of cases. In addition, if the child has symptoms such as conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, rash, and wrist disease, enterovirus may be suspected. Herpes simplex virus, arbovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, influenza virus, and mumps virus. Diagnosis The Bacterial Meningitis Score (BMS) can be used to predict if the cause is due to the virus. CSF pleocytosis (WBC count ≥10 cells / μL for CSF) In children who have not received antibiot...

Meningitis is largely divided into viral meningitis (most common) and bacterial meningitis. If it is bacterial, it is a medical emergency, so rapid diagnosis and treatment are needed. Without treatment, mortality is close to 100%. Neurological sequelae may also remain. Because bacterial meningitis is more severe than viral meningitis and has a poor prognosis, it is very important to differentiate between these two. First, let's look at bacterial meningitis. Causes Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenza (decreased by preventive vaccine) are the main causative agents. Group B streptococcus is the most common causative organism in infants 1 month to 3 months of age. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause among children and adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Symptoms Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and meningeal signs (headache, back pain, neck stiffness). However, because of nonspecific symptoms, all of these symptoms...

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a serious skin disorder characterized by extensive necrosis and deprivation of the epidermis, usually caused by drugs. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a relatively minor disease, which refers to the deprivation of less than 10% of the total body surface area. When more than 30% of the total body surface area is deprived, it is called a toxic epidermal necrosis. Causes The most common cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome is medication. In general, allopurinol, aromatic anticonvulsant, antibacterial sulfonamide, lamotrigine, Nevirapine, and NSAIDs are thought to be the causative drugs. Especially in children, drugs such as antibacterial sulfonamide, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and acetaminophen have been reported. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is common in infections of mycoplasma pneumonia and cytomegalovirus infection. Vaccination, systemic disease, contrast agent, chemical exposure, herbal medicines and food are also known to cause Stevens-Johnson synd...

Cellulitis is a skin infection that occurs when bacteria enter through a breach in the skin barrier. Celulitis is characterized by skin erythema, edema, and warmth. Cellulitis involves the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat. Cellulitis is frequently found in middle-aged and elderly people, and incidence is 200 cases per 100,000 patient years. The predisposing factors of cellulitis include wound-like trauma, inflammation, original skin infections such as tinea pedis, varicella, edema, and the like. Causes The most common cellulitis pathogen is beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. aureus. In one study, 73% of beta-hemolytic streptococci were admitted to 179 nonpurulent cellulitis. The response rate of the beta-lactam antibiotic was 96%. Less common pathogens include H. influenza, clostridia, non-spore forming anaerobes, pneumococcus, and meningococcus. Symptoms Patients with cellulitis usually indolent the development of symptoms and gradually develop a localized symptom over the cou...