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Lung sequestration is characterized by a non-functioning lung tissue with lower airway congenital abnormality. This non-functioning lung tissue is not normally associated with the tracheobronchial tree, and is supplied by the systemic circulation rather than the pulmonary artery. One congenital lower respiratory tract abnormality is found in 10,000 to 35,000 people, the most common being congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, and lung sequestration is found in 0.15 to 6.4%. Classification of lung sequestration Lung sequestration is divided into two types according to location. The standard of location is visceral pleura. 1) Intralobar sequestration: Located in the same visceral pleura as the normal lung, accounting for 75% of the total lung sequestration. They are mainly adolescents and adults, who experience repetitive pneumonia while experiencing the same rate of men and women. Approximately 60% of the cases occur in the left lower lobe, mainly hemoptysis and recurrent pneu...

Epidemiology Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. 95% is caused by trisomy 21, 1% by mosaics and 4% by translocation. At present, the proportion of mosaics is known to be slightly higher. In the case of Mosiacs, phenotype appears to be mild but eventually it grows and morphology specific to Down syndrome appears. All chromosomal studies should be performed in all patients suspected of Down syndrome and chromosomal studies should be conducted in their parents to prevent another case of translocation. If parents have Robertsonian translocation of t (21; 21), then the probability of a child being down sydrome is 50%. Current research indicates that targets such as DYRK1A and DSCR1 are the major targets of Down syndrome. Symptoms  The main symptoms of Down syndrome are very diverse. First, the central nervous system problem. Hypotonia can appear and development is slow. Also, the moro reflex appears weak. Cognitive impairment usually appears and social development is relatively...

Epidemiology Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among gynecologic cancers and the third highest among women with cancer. It has lower incidence and lower mortality rate than uterine cancer or ovarian cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the cause of cervical cancer and HPV is found in 99.7 percent of cervical cancer patients. The histologic classification of cervical cancer is 69% of patients with squamous cell type and 25% of patients with adenocarcinoma. The number of newly diagnosed cervical cancer worldwide is estimated at 528,000, and in 2012, 266,000 died of cervical cancer. The two major histologic categories of cervical cancer are squamous cell type and adenocarcinoma, as discussed above, and share a risk factor that causes both types of cancer. The incidence of cervical cancer increases at the early age of sexual life, but it increases more than 1.5 times in cases between 18 and 20 years of age. Also, the risk of developing cervical cancer ...