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If it is symptomatic, it will perform advanced imaging soon after surgery. Intralobar sequestration is removed through lobectomy and segmental resection, and extralobar sequestration removes lesions. Since all vessels are connected from the systemic circulation, it is important to ligate all vessels well. Other operations include thoracoscopic lobectomy and arterial embolization. If asymptomatic, early surgical resection is available if: - Large lesion (occupies ≥ 20 percent of the lobe) - Characteristics suggesting risk for pleuropulmonary blastoma (family history, bilateral or multifocal cysts, and pneumothorax) Even if it does not meet the above criteria, elective surgical resection will be done. This will be done mainly at 6 to 12 months, and will be performed for the following reasons. - Therapeutic purpose is strong because it can cause serious complications. Patients with Lung sequestration are more susceptible to infection later. (Especially intralobar sequestration) ...

Lung sequestration is characterized by a non-functioning lung tissue with lower airway congenital abnormality. This non-functioning lung tissue is not normally associated with the tracheobronchial tree, and is supplied by the systemic circulation rather than the pulmonary artery. One congenital lower respiratory tract abnormality is found in 10,000 to 35,000 people, the most common being congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, and lung sequestration is found in 0.15 to 6.4%. Classification of lung sequestration Lung sequestration is divided into two types according to location. The standard of location is visceral pleura. 1) Intralobar sequestration: Located in the same visceral pleura as the normal lung, accounting for 75% of the total lung sequestration. They are mainly adolescents and adults, who experience repetitive pneumonia while experiencing the same rate of men and women. Approximately 60% of the cases occur in the left lower lobe, mainly hemoptysis and recurrent pneu...

Symptoms Meconium aspiration syndrome is defined as a case in which the amniotic fluid is manifested as a respiratory distress syndrome in a newborn born with meconium staining and the cause of which is unknown. Meconium aspiration syndrome is present in 5% of all cases, and meconium aspiration syndrome occurs in 10% to 15% of total labor. Meconium aspiration syndrome requires mechanical ventilation in 30% of patients and mortality rate is 3-5%. Wrinkled skin, long nails may appear and meconium may be colored on the skin, under the fingernail, and on the umbilical cord. And if the meconium is released and aspirated by the perinatal period, it may be stretched. Symptoms such as rapid respiration, chest wall depression, cyanosis, pneumothorax, and hemiplegia may last for days to weeks and may be accompanied by pulmonary hypertension. On imaging, chest X-ray may show bilateral lung swelling, irregular lung decline, and atelectasis. Treatments If the amniotic fluid is stained in mecon...

Causes The definition of neonatal thrombocytopenia is defined as 150,000 / μL or less, and 1 to 2% may occur in normal children, but most of them have few symptoms and severely decrease to less than 50,000 in some cases. Most causes are classified according to the timing of platelet reduction. Placental dysfunction (preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, etc.) and perinatal history of early onset occurring within 72 hours of birth. It may be considered a perinatal infection (eg E. coli, GBS, Haemophilus infuenzae), DIC, homologous immunity, autoimmune, congenital infection, thrombosis, metabolic disease, hereditary congenital disease and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Late onset after 72 hours of birth may be caused by delayed onset sepsis, neonatal necrotizing enteritis, congenital infection, metabolic disease, autoimmune, hereditary congenital disease.  Immune thrombocytopenia is largely autoimmune and allogeneic. Autoimmunity is the case when an anti-platelet antibody is ...

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is the most common congenital lung disease and occurs sporadically regardless of race, age, and other factors. There are no known genetic polymorphisms and are known to cause 1-4 out of 100,000 people. It is a hamartomatous lesion composed of cystic and adenomatous tissue. Unlike pulmonary sequestration, blood is supplied through the pulmonary circulation and mainly affects one lobe of the lung. Because it is abnormally proliferating, not only the lung at the affected site but also the lung at the opposite site is also depressed, making it difficult to function. Diagnosis Among 5 types, the most common type is type 1 (60-70%). Type 1 CCAM exists as a 2 to 10 cm thin walled sac, not multiple. In addition, Type 2 CCAM is associated with congenital diseases of various organs such as esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, and renal agenesis, and Type 4 CCAM is capable of malignant transformation. About 75% of children with pree...

Causes The risk factors for perinatal asphyxia can be divided into three categories: prenatal, delivery, and postnatal. Risk factors for uterine pregnancy include maternal hypotension, maternal hypotension, maternal respiratory and cardiovascular disease, fetal congenital anomalies, and premature infants. The risk factors for labor are dystocia, fetal rotation, abnormal placenta, placental exfoliation, And hypotension. Postpartum risk factors include severe pulmonary disease of the newborn, severe recurrent apnea, congenital heart disease, patent ductus arteriosus with cardiac insufficiency, sepsis with cardiovascular collapse, persistent fetal circulation. The risk factors for normal birth and delivery are usually 90% of the perinatal asphyxia. Perinatal asphyxia can be diagnosed by satisfying all four of the following criteria. ① Severe metabolic or mixed acidemia due to arterial blood gas test, ② Apgar scores continuously 0 to 3 even after 5 minutes of birth, ③ Neurological sympto...

Epidemiology Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. 95% is caused by trisomy 21, 1% by mosaics and 4% by translocation. At present, the proportion of mosaics is known to be slightly higher. In the case of Mosiacs, phenotype appears to be mild but eventually it grows and morphology specific to Down syndrome appears. All chromosomal studies should be performed in all patients suspected of Down syndrome and chromosomal studies should be conducted in their parents to prevent another case of translocation. If parents have Robertsonian translocation of t (21; 21), then the probability of a child being down sydrome is 50%. Current research indicates that targets such as DYRK1A and DSCR1 are the major targets of Down syndrome. Symptoms  The main symptoms of Down syndrome are very diverse. First, the central nervous system problem. Hypotonia can appear and development is slow. Also, the moro reflex appears weak. Cognitive impairment usually appears and social development is relatively...

Diagnosis RDS is more prevalent with less maturity of the lung, so the shorter the gestational age and the smaller the birth weight, the higher the incidence. It is rarely seen in about 2% of all births, 60 ~ 80% at gestational age of less than 28 weeks, 15 ~ 30% at 32 ~ 36 weeks, 5% after 37 weeks and less than 1% at over 39 weeks. By weight, the incidence is 30-40% in very low birth weight infants less than 1500 g. There is no way to differentiate between hyaline membrane disease and surfactant after the administration of Surfactant, so it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis, but it is likely that the HMD was mild or normal because the HMD was not seen in the initial chest x-ray photograph . Pathogenesis The pathophysiology of RDS can be summarized as follows. (1) Inhalation due to lack of surfactant; (2) Lack of air exchange in the alveoli, resulting in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, increased acidity, decreased resistance of lung compliance, decreased FRV, Physiological disturb...

The IUGR and the SGA are interrelated and actually mixed, but not synonymous. IUGR is defined as the case where the growth of the fetus is inhibited by various causes and is defined as the case where the expected weight of the fetus according to the gestational age is less than the 10th percentile. On the other hand, SGA means that the birth weight of newborn when birth is below the 10th percentile of body weight distribution according to gestational age. Therefore, even if IUGR was present, it may not be the SGA depending on the timing and degree of its occurrence. IUGR is observed in 3-10% of total pregnancies and in 20% of still babies. Placenta dysfunction is the most common cause, with congenital infection (10%), chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic diseases accounting for 5-15%. Factors related to IUGR can be divided into maternal related factors, placental factors, and fetal factors. Maternal side factors include experience with drug use, malnutrition, hypoxia, hypertensi...

VACTERL association refers to the occurrence of vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defects, Tracheoesophageal fistula and / or Esophageal atresia, Renal & Radial anomalies, and Limb defects. Although the exact cause is unknown, it is known that trisomy 18 occurs more frequently in patients with diabetes. It appears to be a multifactorial cause. Vertebral defects - Vertebral anomalies usually appear as hypoplastic vertebrae or hemivertebra. Patients with 80 percent of VACTERL association have a vertebral anomaly. It does not cause major problems at birth, but it can cause scoliosis, curvature in the growth process. Anal defects- Imperforate anus appears in 55 percent of patients with VACTERL association. Usually anomalies are found at birth, and fast surgery is required. Occasionally, multiple operations are required for complete reconstruction of the intestine and anal canal. Cardiac defects - Congenital heart disease is associated with 75 percent of patients with VAC...

Esophageal atresia is the most common anomaly occurring in esophagus, with an incidence of 1.7 per 10,000 births, with more than 90 percent of these occurring with the tracheoesophageal fistula. The most common form of Esophageal atresia is type C, in which the upper esophagus is blocked and the TEF is connected to the distal esophagus. The cause is unknown, but known risk factors include advanced maternal age, obesity, low socioeconomic status, and tobacco smoking. If early detection and appropriate treatment are performed, the survival rate is more than 90 percent. The mortality rate is increased when birth weight is less than 1500g or when severe cardiac anomaly is accompanied. Fifty percent of patients are born without another anomaly, but there are other anomalies associated with the remainder. The most common case is Esophageal atresia, which is a serious complication of VACTERL syndrome. Cardiac and vertebral anomalies were 32% and 24%, respectively. Symptoms Patients born wi...

Causes One of the most important diseases in infant infections is pneumonia. In developed countries, mortality and morbidity due to neonatal pneumonia is high. In developed countries, incidence is 1% in full term infants, ill infant in normal weight, and incidence in 10% in low birth weight infants. Neonatal pneumonia can be divided into early onset and late onset, and in the case of congenital pneumonia, early onset. Early-onset pneumonia acquires pathogens from the mother within three days of birth through the following three pathways: If the infected amniotic fluid is aspirated from the uterus, the pathogen is transmitted through the placenta, or the infant is aspirated during vaginal organism during or immediately after birth.  Congenital pneumonia can be a bacterial or a virus. Bacterial pneumonia causes inflammation of pleura or infiltration or destruction of bronchopulmonary tissue. Viral pneumonia is mainly caused by interstitial pneumonia. The main cause is bacteria, amo...