Respiratory tract infection in children: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatments
A respiratory infection is the first suspicious symptom when it comes to symptoms of runny nose, cough, sputum and shortness of breath in infants and young children. The most common causative agent is a virus, which causes a cold, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, throat injection, and cough. Viral respiratory infections are largely divided into upper respiratory infections and lower respiratory infections.
Upper respiratory tract infection
The infection usually involves the nose and the larynx and is accompanied by a mild or no fever. Croup is a typical disease. It is the most prevalent at 3 to 5 months of age and 2 years of age and is known to be more prevalent in men. In addition, family history is often seen. Parainfluenza was the most common causative organism, and RSV, adenovirus, and influenza were the most common causative organisms of the viral croup. In the bacterial croup, hemophilus influenza was the main causative organism. However, vaccine was developed and Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes The frequency of occurrence of croup is increasing. Clinically, it is predominantly viral, and acute laryngotracheobronchiti is a typical form of viral croup with symptoms of gastrointestinal obstruction. Runny nose, pharyngitis, fever, and at night it becomes worse, worse, or worse. Because of involvement of Larynx, symptoms of hoarseness of the throat appear and involvement of the upper respiratory tract leads to stridor and barking cough symptoms of dyspnea on inspiration. Acute epiglottitis, the most serious form of croup, requires urgent treatment because it progresses rapidly from cold symptoms to airway obstruction. In the treatment of croup, steroids such as dexamethasone and budesonide are known to be effective in decreasing occipital lobes, and nebulized epinephrine also plays a role. At home, the most common symptom that can be done when you have symptoms is to drink cold steam.
Lower respiratory tract infection
Lower respiratory tract infections are more characteristic symptoms associated with airway obstruction and inflammation of the lung parenchyma. Typical underlying infectious diseases include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. In particular, bronchiolitis is an infectious disease that occurs mainly in infants before 2 years of age. It is known that RSV accounts for more than 50% of causative organisms, and that the rate of infection by rhinovirus increases after 1 year of age. In addition, parainfluenza, adenovirus, and mycoplasma can cause infection. The characteristic clinical manifestation of bronchiolitis is wheezing. It is also referred to as wheezing. It is a typical respiratory distress symptom that occurs when the bronchial diameter becomes larger and the diameter becomes smaller when breathing. In particular, infants are less susceptible to bronchial obstruction due to inflammatory reaction because of their infinite diameter and small bronchial development. Viral bronchiolitis does not require the use of antibiotics in principle, but it may also empirically treat antibiotics because viral infection makes them vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections. Another major infectious disease, pneumonia, is also present in the form of complications from other respiratory infections. Bacterial infections caused by Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, and S. pneumonia are predominant in Singh infants less than 3 weeks of age. Viral pneumonia due to RSV, parainfluenza, and influenza virus is common during the next 2 to 3 months, and viral infection is prevalent between 4 months and 5 years of age. Bacterial infections such as S. pneumonia and Mycoplasma occur frequently . The incidence of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma is high in the age group of 5 years and over. In general pneumonia, amoxicillin is used firstly, amoxicillin / clavulanate can be used as an alternative agent, and third generation cephalosporin is often used for inpatient treatment. When mycoplasma is detected, macrolide is used as the primary treatment, but tetracycline or fluoroquinolone is being used as an alternative drug because the incidence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma is rapidly increasing.
Upper respiratory tract infection
The infection usually involves the nose and the larynx and is accompanied by a mild or no fever. Croup is a typical disease. It is the most prevalent at 3 to 5 months of age and 2 years of age and is known to be more prevalent in men. In addition, family history is often seen. Parainfluenza was the most common causative organism, and RSV, adenovirus, and influenza were the most common causative organisms of the viral croup. In the bacterial croup, hemophilus influenza was the main causative organism. However, vaccine was developed and Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes The frequency of occurrence of croup is increasing. Clinically, it is predominantly viral, and acute laryngotracheobronchiti is a typical form of viral croup with symptoms of gastrointestinal obstruction. Runny nose, pharyngitis, fever, and at night it becomes worse, worse, or worse. Because of involvement of Larynx, symptoms of hoarseness of the throat appear and involvement of the upper respiratory tract leads to stridor and barking cough symptoms of dyspnea on inspiration. Acute epiglottitis, the most serious form of croup, requires urgent treatment because it progresses rapidly from cold symptoms to airway obstruction. In the treatment of croup, steroids such as dexamethasone and budesonide are known to be effective in decreasing occipital lobes, and nebulized epinephrine also plays a role. At home, the most common symptom that can be done when you have symptoms is to drink cold steam.
Lower respiratory tract infection
Lower respiratory tract infections are more characteristic symptoms associated with airway obstruction and inflammation of the lung parenchyma. Typical underlying infectious diseases include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. In particular, bronchiolitis is an infectious disease that occurs mainly in infants before 2 years of age. It is known that RSV accounts for more than 50% of causative organisms, and that the rate of infection by rhinovirus increases after 1 year of age. In addition, parainfluenza, adenovirus, and mycoplasma can cause infection. The characteristic clinical manifestation of bronchiolitis is wheezing. It is also referred to as wheezing. It is a typical respiratory distress symptom that occurs when the bronchial diameter becomes larger and the diameter becomes smaller when breathing. In particular, infants are less susceptible to bronchial obstruction due to inflammatory reaction because of their infinite diameter and small bronchial development. Viral bronchiolitis does not require the use of antibiotics in principle, but it may also empirically treat antibiotics because viral infection makes them vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections. Another major infectious disease, pneumonia, is also present in the form of complications from other respiratory infections. Bacterial infections caused by Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, and S. pneumonia are predominant in Singh infants less than 3 weeks of age. Viral pneumonia due to RSV, parainfluenza, and influenza virus is common during the next 2 to 3 months, and viral infection is prevalent between 4 months and 5 years of age. Bacterial infections such as S. pneumonia and Mycoplasma occur frequently . The incidence of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma is high in the age group of 5 years and over. In general pneumonia, amoxicillin is used firstly, amoxicillin / clavulanate can be used as an alternative agent, and third generation cephalosporin is often used for inpatient treatment. When mycoplasma is detected, macrolide is used as the primary treatment, but tetracycline or fluoroquinolone is being used as an alternative drug because the incidence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma is rapidly increasing.
